فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 38 (زمستان 1400)

The resilience of an architectural space is the ability to deal with damages caused by an accident, which helps to return to a normal condition after the accident. One of the important aspects of resilience is the physical aspect, which means the ability of a building to withstand changes, events, and the passage of time, and the response of the building to current and future needs. One of the important aspects of resilience is the physical aspect, which means the building’s ability to withstand changes, events, and the passage of time and the response of the building to current and future needs. The seismicity of the Kashan region shows the importance of studying the issue of physical resilience in this bazaar. So, the question is, what are the resilient components of the historical Bazaar of Kashan? On the other hand, the function of the bazaar as a commercial artery of the city and the population in which it is constantly moving, and the location of the bazaar in the city center, highlights the need to address the components of open space and communication routes in this area. The next question is what is the quality of open spaces and access routes in the bazaar and how does it work from the perspective of resilience?

To investigate the components affecting Physical resilience, the research sample, has been identified and studied by descriptive, analytical, and qualitative methods.

In the study of physical resilience, due to the important role of open spaces and communication network in the research sample, with the help of field survey and analysis of the current situation, also, interviewing users of the historical Bazar through a questionnaire, the effective components in physical resilience were evaluated. The effect on the stability of the bazaar of Kashan and its durability and reliability were identified and determined.

The results show that open spaces of Bazaar, due to the extent and hierarchy of access in the whole Bazaar, have a good density and distribution but in both Bazaar of Mesgarha and Darb-e-Zanjir, the length of the exit is more than standard. Evaluation of effective resilience components shows that Soltani Mosque, Mir-Panj Caravanserai, Agha Mosque, and Mir-Emad Mosque have open space with the suitable area, healthy and stable walls, are active and with direct connection with urban arteries are suitable for post-traumatic use. the way between two series of shops and Other indoor spaces such as Amin-Al-Dole Timche and other similar places as an access space face the problem of falling due to roof damage during an earthquake, improper passage ratios, and additional elements, resulting in way blockage, so This reduces the resilience of Bazaar, but the organic structure of it and the presence of load-bearing fixtures on the ceilings are positive points in creating safety in this places.

The "life cycle" theory is the most important tool for understanding the relationship among characteristics of housing and households, which reflects the behavior of households in the city. The theory, households are defined based on characteristics such as household size, number of students, employment status, income, age of household, etc. Every household, based on what are their characters, has different priorities in housing choice. The purpose of this study is to analyze that characteristics of households are effective on housing choice, which was developed in two parts: quality of housing unit and access to urban facilities.

To measure the variables, the city of Tehran was selected as a case study and the research data were obtained from two sources; the data for households characters was obtained from the households expenditure-income survey which w implemented annually by the National Statistics Center and the locations of urban facilities were gained by urban development plan of Tehran.By using a univariate multi-nominal method and cluster analysis, effective characteristics in the housing selection model were identified from the two groups of characteristics of quality of "housing unit" and "access to urban facilities", effective variables in selecting "housing unit" are, area of hous unit, the type of structure building, variables in "access to urban facilities" included access to educational services and public transportation system, which created a total of 6 options for selecting residential units and 8 options for accessing urban facilities. Then, the relationship between household characteristics and housing selection was performed using the multivariate regression method in R software.

The analysis of the model revealed that residential units with an area of ​​60-90 square meters are the most attractive ones for households with students. Also, increasing the income decile of households, the tendency of households to live near educational spaces and distance from the public transportation system increases. Households with the employment status of a caregiver in a non-simple working group are more inclined to choose to live in houses close to the public transportation system than households with a caregiver, which indicates the difference in financial capacity between the two groups of households.

The relationship between students and the area of ​​residential units has been proven in research background, but in this study, a specific range for the unit area(60-90 square meters) is proved for households with students. However, the relationship was not proved in other areas of housing characters such as the situation of access to urban facilities.Another important conclusion has occurred in the relation between the group of variables "residence" and "household characteristics". Only the variables related to job and income are effective in choosing a place of residence and other social and demographic characteristics of households do not have a significant relationship with the household location that can be reflected in living conditions, lack of identity and prestige in the city's neighborhoods, social segregation in Tehran, incorrect policies in the field of public goods and inappropriate housing distribution conditions in this city.

Stressful life and lack of tranquility in modern society, have been serious problems for human life. Environmental psychology has shown that physical and architectural environments play an important role in this, and since the home is one of the most important environments, they try to offer solutions. This study tries to identify the factors that play an effective role in creating comfort in urban apartments.

The research method based on Saunders's model is the epistemological paradigm. A qualitative approach has been taken to recognize the influencing features on human tranquility in contemporary apartment houses and attempts to make logical connections between related concepts, approaches the theory by forming a “causal process” and determines the mechanism of the concept of environmental tranquility and “contextual theory” have assisted in identifying these concepts. After discovering the concepts, qualitative data analysis was used to find their relationship with each other and by creating a logical relationship between the concepts, the propositions that shape the pattern of tranquility causal process in Urmia contemporary apartment houses are presented. After discovering the concepts, how they relate to each other is known based on qualitative analysis of data and by creating a logical relationship between these concepts, a paradigm model of tranquility in contemporary apartment houses in Urmia is presented.

According to the results of this study, the conditions affecting the formation of the main phenomenon of "living at home" are subject to causal, contextual, and interactive conditions such as physical security, mental security, social security, social cohesion, comfort, solitude, physical comfort, auditory security, attachment to the place, sensory richness, connection with nature, consequences will be followed by physical tranquility (comfort), social tranquility, psychological tranquility, and spiritual tranquility.

Therefore, physical security, mental security, social security, social cohesion, comfort, privacy, physical comfort, auditory security, attachment to place, sensory richness, communication with nature, as interactive conditions and providing solutions such as creating climate comfort, physical security (safety and Building strength), flexibility, permeability (spatial opening), territory, diversity (materials and spaces), natural landscape (natural landscape, natural pleasant sound), personalization (possibility of personal interests), welfare, functionality, and space (Appropriate dimensions of space), physical order (order in the arrangement of space, furniture, etc.), beauty and renovation, to enrich these qualities in 4 areas: spiritual, psychological, social and physical, can lead to the creation or promotion of the concept of tranquility in Residents become cured. Also, the absence or diminution of any of these factors can deprive or weaken the tranquility of residents. The results of this study lead designers to achieve physical solutions to create comfort and achieve principles for creating tranquil homes, in which case one can hope to create apartments that bring comfort to their residents and the comfort of the human being in the home. The ultimate goal is to settle down, it helps. As base research, this study can be used as a basis for more practical research to provide solutions to promote tranquility at apartments in various fields, including architecture and urban planning.

During clinical treatment in hospital rooms for cancer patients, few standards for recovery are provided. Attention to emotional qualities such as qualities of hospital rooms, which of course are not unrelated to quantities, helps to increase the hope for these patients but unfortunately, less attention has been paid to such aspects.

The research is qualitative content analysis based on library studies, field observations and structured interviews with native patients until theoretical saturation. In this case study, image-based questionnaires were asked from 31 patients (78% from villages and cities of Kermanshah and 22% from Kermanshah) in two hospitals of Kermanshah. Theoretical framework based on five aspects of physical, psychological, moral-legal, semantic and social-local development of desired hospital room for cancer patients.

According to library studies, five aspects of physical, psychological, spiritual, moral-legal and social-local are effective in hospital rooms. On the other hand, according to field studies, in addition to medical facilities in hospital rooms, the expectation of native patients is focused on the intracultural (local) aspect with emphasis on preserving patients' territory and creating a sense of belonging to be placed in inpatient rooms. In terms of the clarity of these two concepts, in the statistical community, such terms as " being familiar and not being a stranger ", "similar comfort at home", "more communication with the outside, including nature" and "definition of patients' territories based on local custom" as There are qualities. In addition, "being hopeful and uplifting", "suitable for the presence of companions" and "fit the space with the number of patients" are of particular importance. According to the study, it seems that the more cancer patients are connected to their local-social characteristics, the fifth dimension, which observes the local aspect of their hospital room, needs to be strengthened in designing such spaces. Therefore, for the desirability of the hospital room for native patients, much attention should be paid to the local aspect. In other words, in more local communities, the role of the fifth component becomes more colorful, while in less local communities, this component may be absorbed in four other ways. Therefore, it is necessary for the hospital rooms of native cancer patients in the hospitals of the provinces of the country to be related to the residential qualities of their native people so that they feel less alienated from the new environment that can complement treatment and resuscitation and hope to reduce stress.

In order to provide the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the desirable hospital room for native cancer patients, there should be more focus on the fifth aspect, the social-cultural-local aspect. It refers to social sustainability of the patients which designers should consider. It references to the culture background. Thinking more locally in regulating domains and strengthening the connectedness so that the patients can take the path of fulfilling the emotional and restorative role beside clinical therapies with the goal of giving more hope to cancer patients.

At a time when modern rational man saw himself as the source of all values ​​and saw nature as an inexhaustible source of raw materials for the development of industry and the satisfaction of his needs, architecture became a tool for meeting the physical and material needs of man. The spread of this thinking led to many problems, including environmental crises; In order to improve this crisis, new intellectual roots were formed based on the combination of nature and technology, and the concepts of sustainability were introduced in scientific circles, and consequently the architecture of the time was influenced and forced architects to invent an approach in architecture that minimizes damage. To have for the planet.

Studying different strategies of nature and gaining comprehensive knowledge of the application of these strategies in architecture for the development of environmentally friendly space can be obtained from practice and design training. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of teaching strategies derived from nature on the process of  bioarchitecture design with the aim of sustainability and change in the process of bioarchitecture design was done. After studying in the field of bioarchitecture with the aim of developing sustainability by using strategies derived from nature and selecting strategies (The Hannover Principles, Biomimicry, Ecological design) to develop a survey method in the target community and sampling students of humanities, nature, architecture of Islamic Azad University by conducting researcher-made tests to analyze ffocusing on the level of understanding and application of strategies, the type of selection and focus of students on concepts, as well as the level of results obtained.

This study shows: Strategies derived from nature expand the range of student design solutions; A full description of the cognitive challenges of nature-based design includes problems and challenges such as retrieval, incorrect mental models, focusing on and using inappropriate features and aspects, and ignoring similarities.

In the future, nature-based design tools and methods are expected to encourage designers to develop concepts based on biological resources, which include a variety of motivations and attitudes with common ground principles, providing innovative solutions, combining categorized information structures, and data.

Considering the challenges of the growing cities, today, the focus is put rather on the development of the existing neighborhoods through infill development. Infill development is indeed a type of development that, in contrast to other urban development policies, is made on the existing urban infrastructure and in the presence of the citizens and neighboring units. Sangelaj neighborhood, as a part of the historical body of Tehran city, is a worn-out urban texture (urban decay texture). The emergence of different problems in this field, such as reduced quality of life and human development indices, lack of full enjoyment of services and dwelling (house) among resident families, …, has attracted the attention toward the use of the infill development by reviving the existing capacities of the neighborhood as a worn-out texture. The present study is aimed to identify the factors affecting the realization of infill development in three dimensions of space quality, residents' contribution, and investment of stakeholders in this neighborhood.

The present applied study was conducted using the analytical-descriptive correlational method. The study was conducted in Sangelaj neighborhood in District-12 of Tehran city. The study population included 3 groups: residents, capital owners, and passing people (strangers). The sample size was estimated as 378 individuals for residents, 83 individuals for capital owners, and 384 individuals for passing people, who were selected by stratified sampling from all three groups using the randomized convenience sampling method. Data collection was performed using 3 researcher-made questionnaires (for residents, capital owners, and passing people). Then, the collected data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, regression, AHP, and clocklike binary comparison methods.

Among all factors (i.e. space quality, contribution, and investment), space quality was identified as the most important factor in infill development. Among the factors affecting the space quality, space dynamism with a coefficient of 0.830, security with a coefficient of 0.349, and sports spaces and facilities with a coefficient of 0.136 affected the space quality in this neighborhood. Among the factors affecting the residents' contribution, neighboring relationships with a coefficient of 0.709 was the most important factor that was directly related to the residents' contribution. Next to it, trust in the government, interaction with neighborhood council, tendency for living in the neighborhood after reconstruction, and economic profit were the factors that were placed on the next ranks, respectively. Furthermore, among the factors affecting private investment, license issuance loan with a coefficient of 0.568 was the most important factor that was directly related to the tendency for investment. Also, house construction loan and incentive density were the other factors that were placed on the next ranks, respectively.

Based on the obtained results, for improving the urban regions, it is necessary to adopt the infill development approach in order to improve regions with low attractiveness for reconstruction and low tendency for construction (in terms of space quality, residents' contribution, and house construction loans).

The emergence of form-based codes (FBCs), along with the familiar and near-universal rejection of conventional zoning, is a complex story, and more interesting than might first be supposed. The Codes Study generally does not track developer-driven form-based codes. The socio-economic context of form-based codes has shown positive FBC impacts on physical and environmental well-being What form-based codes try to, is notifying morphological features for keeping the identity of urban fabrics along the ages. This mission is important especially for valuable fabrics of contemporary cities. Nowadays these fabrics are causing damage in front of losing their identity, more than every other time. The problem is to find the method of getting morphological patterns that are integrated and the whole of the city. But they changed to an inappropriate thing. Therefore infill and renovation development in historical fabrics especially, need to follow the principles according to form features and place against solid and unimaginable codes. 

This article aims to design the genealogical method that is able to cover the problem of deriving the urban patterns and typo-morphologies to a systematic and categorized style in form-based codes logic. The structure of this research has been made in three levels. First of all, it has provided a genealogical map from historical fabric based on Ghajar era’s maps before modernistic actions and surgery the city fabric. Then surveying the patterns at architectural units with the usage of typo-morphological relation between built spaces and open space. At last, it has taken the access link pattern for open spaces at the hierarchy of centers and squares. 

 The outcome of this essay is to concentrate on the study of form bares two utilitarian tools. First, a typo-morphological matrix that shows the relation between mass and space for each parcel with its pass. For illustrating the relation of mass and space it is used two species of matrices are. It is seen in matric type one patterns of mass and space and matrix type two hierarchical accessibility between mass and space. Second, a graph of structural relations that presents the way of distribution of nodes and squares in contrast to dynamic passes and roots. In addition to presenting the schematic position of nodes, it guides the logic of the relations that these nodes have with the lower or upper level of other nodes.

Eventually urban morphs be able to decompose and autopsy in different dimensions and scales with categorizing analytical data that come from the genealogical study about typologies of urban form and lead to deriving form-based codes and principles based on features of place identity. The Codes Study also tracks major initiatives and guidelines that may assist in the formulation of form-based codes.

Today, the method of distribution, provision and realization of urban services is one of the important necessities of urban life and urban development plans. However, the use of traditional methods of providing land for urban services has led to the fact that many lands allocated for public services have not been realized and have created problems for citizens and city managers, and therefore some areas of cities lack the necessary services to Biology is appropriate. Therefore, this issue leaves no choice but to resort to new methods in front of planners and city managers; these include the development of a right to development, which is based on respect for property rights. This study, using the fields and theoretical foundations of the subject, studies the feasibility of using the method of transferring the right to development to increase the feasibility of urban services in Karaj (areas No.1 and No.2 of the city) and seeks to answer the question that the requirements and What are the conditions for using this approach and which parts of districts No.1 and No.2 of Karaj are suitable for this model.

To answer these questions, A Analytical Network Process is used to prioritize the indicators and ArcGIS software is used for spatial analysis. According to the pattern of transfer of development rights, the neighborhoods located in districts No.1 and No.2 of Karaj city were divided into areas for receiving and transferring development rights.

The results showed that in the receiving areas, occurrence in the high compression zone in the comprehensive plan with a weight of 0.22 is in the first place, high land price with a weight of 0.16 is in the second place, high price in the residential unit with a weight of 0.15 is in the third place. In the areas of sending the parameter, the lack of government funding for land ownership with a weight of 0.34 is in the first priority, the high service levels proposed by urban development projects with a weight of 0.24 are also in the second priority. Azimiyeh 4 from District 1 has a very large capacity to receive development fees and the faculties of the faculty and Shah Abbasi and Moradab public areas have a very large capacity to send development fees.

Finally considering this method faces legal, financial and managerial challenges, Suggested to solve these challenges, Providing mechanisms and requirements such as prediction in urban development plans, Establishment the Office of the Transfer of Development Rights in the municipalities, Provide incentive packages By municipalities in order to creating motivate participation, And review the laws and regulations related to property rights in order to increase the efficiency of the method of transferring the right to development.